Dry Bulk Carriers and Gas Carriers

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Dry bulk carriers are conventional vessels with large unobstructed cargo holds for transporting bulk cargo such as grains, sugar, coal, ores, etc. The cargo holds have large hatchways to facilitate loading of cargo conveyor belts and suction pumps.

Gas carriers are specialised vessels used for transportation of natural gas. They are commonly referred to as LNGs or in full name, Liquefied Natural Gas carriers due to their close association with the product that they carry. Gas carriers are usually operated under time charters.

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Definition, nature and purpose of a Documentary Credit

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Article 2 of the Uniform Custom and Practice for Documentary Credit defines a documentary credit as: "For the purpose of these articles, the expression documentary credits and standby letters of credit (hereinafter referred to as credits ) means any arrangements, however named or described, whereby a bank (the issuing bank) acting on request and on the instructions of a customer (the applicant) or on its own behalf: is to make a payment to or to the order of a third party (the beneficiary) or is to accept and pay bills of exchange (drafts) drawn by the beneficiary, or, authorizes another the bank to effect such payment or to accept and pay such bills of exchange (drafts) or, authorizes another bank to negotiate, against stipulated documents, provided that the terms and conditions of the credit are adhered with". In a layman language, a documentary credit may be describe as a legal undertaking in writing. It is issued by the customer's bank (also known as the issuing ba
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Bills of Lading

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A bill of lading is a document issued by a carrier to a shipper, signed by the captain, agent or owner of a vessel, furnishing written evidence regarding receipt of the cargo, the conditions on which transportation is made (contract of carriage) and the engagement to deliver goods as the prescribed port of destination to the lawful holder of the bill of lading. A bill of lading is, therefore both a receipt for the merchandise and a contract to deliver it as freight. There are a number of different types of bill of lading a number of issues that relate to them as a group of documents. Straight Bill of Lading (Non-Negotiable) A straight bill of lading indicates that the shipper will deliver the goods to the consignee. The document itself does not give title to the goods (making it non-negotiable). The consignee need only to identify himself to claim the goods. A straight bill of lading is often used when payment for the goods has already been made in advance or in cases where
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Various Basic Shipping Charges on Landside and Waterside

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